INSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES FOR IMPLEMENTING CIVILIAN CONTROL OVER THE SECURITY AND DEFENSE SECTOR IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Abstract

The management of the security and defense sector in democratic states requires an effective system of civilian control to ensure accountability, transparency, and the alignment of armed and security forces with democratic values, the rule of law, and national interests. Civilian control serves as a critical mechanism to prevent the usurpation of power by the military, excessive militarization of policy, and to maintain a balance between security effectiveness and democratic governance. The United States represents a classic example of a country where civilian control over the military and security institutions has historically developed and functions effectively through a combination of constitutional, legislative, institutional, traditional, and informal mechanisms that enable the interaction of civilian and military institutions while upholding democratic principles. This article examines the foundations, mechanisms, and contemporary challenges of the civilian control system in the U.S. security and defense sector. Particular attention is given to the paradox of civil-military relations, in which military force simultaneously protects the state and may potentially threaten democratic governance. Key conditions for effective civilian control are discussed, including the rule of law, accountability to civilian institutions, professionalism, and political neutrality of the armed forces, as well as the necessity of competent and well-prepared civilian leadership. The article also analyzes the subjective nature of civilian control, which largely depends on the knowledge, experience, and strategic competence of civilian officials, and identifies major threats to its effectiveness, such as the concentration of power, external and internal crises, gradual weakening of control due to public distrust in civilian institutions, and deficiencies in political governance. The findings of this study can inform the improvement of Ukraine’s national system of civilian control over the security and defense sector, particularly under conditions of martial law and post-war reconstruction, through the adaptation of selected elements of the U.S. model.